As a result of the advent printing press and its popularization at book fairs, by the 1500s there were over 1000 printing shops in Europe. By this time these shops had produced somewhere around 35,000 separate manuscript totaling around 20 million copies altogether. One of the dominating facts of the culture of Europe at this time was the Roman Catholic Church. During this time the chief intellectual way that the church maintained their power was through their sole ability to teach and communicate Latin which was considered the language by which one could communicate and learn of God.
During Reformation when Luther began to challenge this authority through the publication of texts in other languages this power began to diversify, and the Catholic churches monopoly on Latin and the literate forms of religious knowledge begin to degrade. During the 1400s there was also a boom in geographic exploration going on by Henry of Portugal and Columbus among others which fueled curiosity and the consequential dissemination of knowledge about new worlds and frontiers.
At this time there was also a general shift towards the emerging fields of botany, astronomy and geography away from the monopolistic influence of the church. As science progressed it offered an alternative to religion that was very much influenced by the private acquisition of libraries which no longer were concentrated in the hands of the church. The important thing to understand here as that people now had the ability to compare a wide variety of sources regarding a single subject instead of just relying upon the first opinion they came across.
This critical reflection of knowledge marked a huge advance in people’s understanding of the world. No longer did one have to rely on either firsthand experience or the arbitrary opinion a particular author. Now due to printing one could often times research a variety of sources and thus draw valid conclusions (based on factual similarities among disparate authors) without having firsthand knowledge of the particular phenomenon or scenario at hand.
Maps of this time begin to shift away from conceptual representations of earth and the heavens to ones which featured geographical details that actually represented features and places on earth and how they related to each other. In other words they began to focus on earthly features such as countries, rivers, borders, and cities. During the early 1500s most geographical information was gathered by Spanish and Portuguese explorers and was thus distorted according to their respective political and patriotic persuasions. As nation states competed for mankind’s understanding of the worlds geography this information slowly evolved from the sole property of the church to a competitive view among nations, and by the same token it carried the bias of political, or national allegiance in much the same way it had previously conveyed religious and ideological views.
Once the production and mass printing of maps was propagated by the Dutch, among other nationalities, people now had the ability to apply the same comparative analysis to geographical accounts as they had recently discovered in other areas of knowledge. This in turn led to increasingly accurate and non-politically motivated maps that were able to be distributed to a larger number of increasingly literate people. Around this time mankind’s knowledge of the greater globe and physical sciences evolved from the unknown and unknowable, to the much explored and somewhat manageable version that we know of today.
Click Here for The History of Printing Part IV: The Age of Print
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